Qualificaiton Framework Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualificaiton Framework - Research Paper ExampleThis level deals with detailed understanding and knowledge. Level 3 qualifications are quite appropriate for the scholarly persons who worry to go to the universities or the people who wished to work independently in an organization.Level 4 qualifications involved in-depth analysis of high level of knowledge and information. This level deals with specializer learning. Learning at this level is quite appropriate for people who used to work in managing, technical, professional or development job (Watkinson 108). The qualification at level 4 is equivalent to academic certificates of higher education. Level 5 qualifications recognize the competency to increase depth of knowledge and understanding. It helps to enable to formulate the solutions to the conglomerate situations and problems. Level 6 qualifications recognize high level of skills and knowledge. This level motivates students to generate innovative ideas to give a solution to th e problem. Level 7 qualifications recognize extremely developed skills and knowledge. This level helps students to provide original and in-depth responses to the unpredictable and complicated situations and problems. Lastly, level 8 qualifications recognize leading practitioners or experts in a specific domain of a function.doctors degree degree is the highest degree that is awarded by an approved educational organization or a graduate school to a skilled and most competent student (Brown 107). Generally the duration of doctoral program vary in length between 4-5 years depending on various subject areas and areas of research work.A attains degree is an of the essence(predicate) academic degree that is granted to the individuals who have high-order overview of a professional practice area or a specific field of study. Duration of Masters degree vary in length between 2-3 years depending on the subject areas.A bachelor degree is an important academic degree that is conferred to a student by a university or college. This degree is provided to those students who complete

Changing Identities in Cyberculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Changing Identities in Cyberculture - Essay Exampleso that the reckoner mimics a real life encounter by using the facilities of the pixels instead of the forgiving body and the voice. The key difference between direct human contact and human contact through the medium of computers is that the usual physical aspects of communion atomic number 18 largely missing. Visual and aural aspects are not there, and the style of the individual is expressed through a number of substitute clues, such as the pickaxe of font, a pseudonym usually with some reference to popular culture, and sometimes an avatar which is a pictorial representation of the self. The advantage of these devices in contexts like Multi Media Online pretend Games(MMORPGs) are obvious, and provide many people of all ages with entertainment in which a small caricature of the self interacts with other players, and with artificial intelligence characters to commove goblins or track down aliens, or build castles or any amoun t of artificial social activities at the whim of the games designer. These social spaces provide a setting where people can operate in an artificial world, adopting the customs and cultures that develop there, and in effect creating a new identity specifically for that subculture in cyberspace. The internet offers children and adults alike to play in a carefree and anonymous way, and for many this is a much valued respite from the demands of an increasingly pressurized daily life. thither are some critics who see this opportunity as something potentially dangerous, and especially for the young. (Anderson et al., 2007) Without doubt the presence of paedophiles and people who prey on under age computer users is a worry. Children identify quite closely with the characters that they play, and they need to... This adjudicate focuses on the arrival of the internet, that has opened up a whole new dimension of communication which was inconceivable even fifty years ago. People can now not o nly access a world-wide store of information and communicate with contacts, just now also exchange and share personal photographs online. Such possibility to post public and private messages were analyzed in the essay. It allows to develop real friendhips and relationships over time, and this is an important lifeline for many lonely or disabled people, as well as a healthy and normal development phase for young people. Although the engineering science that makes all this possible has changed, the process is no different than the business man donning a suit to go to work and some jeans to go out and switch a barbecue with the neighbors. The persona is adjusted to suit the context that is presented to the person. The potential for the development of neuroses and extreme or abusive personalities exists in cyberculture and are discussed in the essay in details. However, the danger of physical harm coming to a person chatting via a computer is considerably lower than that of a person in a dangerous neighborhood, or even simply sitting in a pub or going to a rock concert. To conclude, the researcher stets that the ability to savour out and maintain different internet personas is allowing people to experience a wider range of social roles and gain superior social skills, and so for this reason, cyberculture is something that we should all deal with open arms.

Chemistry Life in Daily Life Essay Example for Free

Chemistry Life in Daily Life EssayIntroduction Fluorine has the distinction of being the round reactive of all the elements, with the highest negativeness value on the diaphragmic table. Beca engagement of this, it proved extremely difficult to isolate. Davy first identified it as an element, but was poisoned while trying unsuccessfully to decompose enthalpy fluoride. Two other chemists were too later poisoned in similar attempts, and one of them died as a result. French chemist Edmond Fremy (1814-1894) very n beforehand(predicate) succeeded in separate degree Fahrenheit, and though he failed to do so, he inspired his student Henri Moissan (1852-1907) to continue the project. One of the problems involved in isolating this exceedingly reactive element was the item that it tends to attack some(prenominal) container in which it is placed most metals, for instance, will burst into flames in the presence of degree Fahrenheit. Like the others before him, Moissan set about to isolate fluorine from hydrogen fluoride by means of electrolysisthe use of an electric current to originator a chemical reactionbut in doing so, he employ a platinum-iridium alloy that resisted attacks by fluorine. In 1906, he received the Nobel Prize for his work, and his technique is still used today in modified form.Properties And Uses Of Fluorine A sentinel green throttle of low density, fluorine deal combine with all elements except some(a) of the noble gases. Even water will burn in the presence of this highly reactive substance. Fluorine is also highly toxic, and can cause severe burns on contact, yet it also exists in innocent compounds, primarily in the mineral known as fluorspar, or calcium fluoride. The latter gives off a fluorescent light (fluorescence is the term for a typeface of light not accompanied by heat), and fluorine was named for the mineral that is one of its principal hosts.Beginning in the 1600s, hydrofluoric acid was used for etching glass, and is sti ll used for that purpose today in the manufacture of products such as light medulla oblongatas. The oil patience uses it as a catalysta substance that speeds along a chemical reactionto increase the octane number in gasoline. Fluorine is also used in a polymer commonly known as Teflon, which provides a non-stick come forward for frying pans and other cooking-related products. Just as chlorine saw service in existence contend I, fluorine was enlisted in World War II to create a gun far more terrifying than poison gas the touchic bomb.Scientists working on the Manhattan Project, the United States effort to uprise the bombs dropped on Japan in 1945, needed large quantities of the uranium-235 isotope. This they obtained in large part by diffusion of the compound uranium hexafluoride, which consists of molecules containing one uranium atom and six fluorine anions. Fluoridation Of Water Long before World War II, health officials in the United States noticed that communities having high concentration of fluoride in their insobrietying water tended to suffer a overmuch lower incidence of tooth decay.In some areas the concentration of fluoride in the water supply was high equal that it stained large numbers teeth still, at the turn of the centuryan era when dental hygiene as we know it today was still in its infancythe legal community of tooth decay was an attractive prospect. Perhaps, officials surmised, it would be possible to introduce smaller concentrations of fluoride into community drinking water, with a resulting improvement in overall dental health.After World War II, a number of municipalities around the United States ndertook the fluoridation of their water supplies, using concentrations as low as 1 ppm. Within a few years, fluoridation became a hotly debated topic, with proponents pointing to the potential health benefits and opponents arguing from the standpoint of issues not directly involved in science. It was an invasion of personal liberty, they said, for governments to force citizens to drink water which had been supplemented with a foreign substance. During the 1950s, in fact, fluoridation became associated in some circles with Communismjust another manifestation of a government trying to visualize its citizens.In later years, ironically, antifluoridation efforts became associated with groups on the political left rather than the right. By then, the argument no longer revolved around the issue of government place instead the concern was for the health risks involved in introducing a substance lethal in large doses. Fluoride had meanwhile gained application in toothpastes. Colgate took the lead, introducing stannous fluoride in 1955.Three years later, the company launched a memorable advertising campaign with commercials in which a little girl showed her mother a report display panel from the dentist and announced Look, MaNo cavities Within a few years, virtually all brands of toothpaste used fluoride however, th e use of fluoride in drinking water remained controversial. As late as 1993, in fact, the issue of fluoridation remained heated enough to spawn a study by the U. S. National Research Council. The council found some improvement in dental health, but not as large as had been claimed by early proponents of fluoridation. Furthermore, this improvement could be explained by name and address to a number of other factors, including fluoride in toothpastes and a generally heightened awareness of dental health among the U.S. populace.Chlorofluorocarbons Another controversial application of fluorine is its use, along with chlorine and carbon, in chlorofluorocarbons. As noted above, CFCs fuddle been used in refrigerants and propellants another application is as a blowing agent for polyurethane foam. This continued for several decades, but in the 1980s, environmentalists became concerned over depletion of the ozone layer high in Earths atmosphere. Unlike ordinary oxygen (O 2 ), ozone or O 3 i s capable of absorbing invisible radiation from the Sun, which would otherwise be harmful to human intent.It is believed that CFCs catalyze the conversion of ozone to oxygen, and that this may explain the ozone hole, which is particularly noticeable over the Antarctic in family line and October. As a result, a number of countries signed an agreement in 1996 to eliminate the manufacture of halocarbons, or substances containing halogens and carbon. Manufacturers in countries that signed this agreement, known as the Montreal Protocol, have developed CFC substitutes, most notably hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), CFC-like compounds also containing hydrogen atoms.The ozone-layer question is far from settled, however. Critics argue that in fact the depletion of the ozone layer over Antarctica is a inbred occurrence, which may explain why it only occurs at certain times of year. This may also explain why it happens primarily in Antarctica, far from any place where humans have been usin g CFCs. (Ozone depletion is far less significant in the Arctic, which is much closer to the population centers of the industrialized world. ) In any case, essential sources, such as volcano eruptions, continue to add halogen compounds to the atmosphere.Introduction atomic number 17 is a highly poisonous gas, greenish-yellow in color, with a sharp smell that induces throttling in humans. Yet, it can combine with other elements to form compounds safe for human consumption. Most notable among these compounds is salinity, which has been used as a food preservative since at least 3000 B. C. Salt, of course, occurs in nature. By contrast, the first chlorine compound made by humans was probably hydrochloric acid, created by fade away hydrogen chloride gas in water.The first scientist to work with hydrochloric acid was Persian physician and alchemist Rhazes (ar-Razi c. 64-c. 935), one of the most outstanding scientific minds of the medieval period. Alchemists, who in some ways were the pr ecursors of true chemists, believed that story metals such as iron could be turned into gold. Of course this is not possible, but alchemists in about 1200 did at least succeed in dissolving gold using a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids known as aqua regia. The first modern scientist to work with chlorine was Swedish chemist Carl W. Scheele (1742-1786), who also discovered a number of other elements and compounds, including barium, manganese, oxygen, ammonia, and glycerin.However, Scheele, who isolated it in 1774, thought that chlorine was a compound only in 1811 did English chemist Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) separate it as an element. Another chemist had suggested the name halogen for the alleged compound, but Davy suggested that it be called chlorine instead, after the Greek word chloros , which indicates a sickly yellow color. Uses Of Chlorine The dangers involved with chlorine have made it an effective substance to use against stains, plants, animalsand even human bei ngs.Chlorine gas is highly irritating to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and lungs, and it can be detected in air at a concentration of only 3 parts per million (ppm). The concentrations of chlorine used against troops on both sides in World War I ( experiencening in 1915) was, of course, much higher. Thanks to the use of chlorine gas and other antipersonnel agents, one of the most chilling images to emerge from that conflict was of soldiers succumbing to poisonous gas. Yet just as it is harmful to humans, chlorine can be harmful to microbes, thus preserving human life.As early as 1801, it had been used in solutions as a disinfectant in 1831, its use in hospitals made it effective as a weapon against a cholera epidemic that swept across Europe. Another well-known use of chlorine is as a bleaching agent. Until 1785, when chlorine was first put to use as a bleach, the only way to get stains and unwanted colors out of textiles or paper was to expose them to sunlight, not alway s an effective method.By contrast, chlorine, still used as a bleach today, can be highly effectivea good reason not to use fix old-fashioned bleach on anything other than white clothing. Since the 1980s, makers of bleaches have developed all-color versions to brighten and take out stains from clothing of other colors. ) Calcium hydrocholoride (CaOCl), both a bleaching powder and a disinfectant used in swimming pools, combines both the disinfectant and bleaching properties of chlorine. This and the others discussed here are just some of many, many compounds formed with the highly reactive element chlorine. Particularly notableand controversialare compounds involving chlorine and carbon. Chlorine And Organic CompoundsChlorine bonds well with organic substances, or those containing carbon. In a number of instances, chlorine becomes part of an organic polymer such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride), used for making synthetic pipe. Chlorine polymers are also applied in making synthetic rubber, or neoprene. Due to its resistance to heat, oxidation, and oils, neoprene is used in a number of automobile parts. The bonding of chlorine with substances containing carbon has become progressively controversial because of concerns over health and the environment, and in some cases chlorine-carbon compounds have been outlawed.Such was the fate of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, a pesticide soluble in fats and oils rather than in water. When it was discovered that DDT was carcinogenic, or cancer-causing, in humans and animals, its use in the United States was outlawed. Other, less well-known, chlorine-related insecticides have likewise been banned due to their potential for harm to human life and the environment. Among these are chlorine-containing materials once used for dry cleaning. Also notable is the role of chlorine in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which have been used in refrigerants such as Freon, and in propellants for aerosol sprays.CFCs tend to evaporate easily, and conce rns over their effect on Earths atmosphere have led to the phasing out of their use.Introduction Bromine is a foul-smelling sepia liquid whose name is derived from a Greek word meaning stink. With a boiling point much lower than that of water137. 84F (58. 8C)it readily transforms into a gas. Like other halogens, its vapors are highly irritating to the eyes and throat. It is found primarily in deposits of brine, a solution of salt and water. Among the most significant brine deposits are in Israels Dead Sea, as well as in Arkansas and Michigan.Credit for the isolation of bromine is normally given to French chemist Antoine-Jerome Balard (1802-1876), though in fact German chemist Carl Lowig (1803-1890) actually isolated it first, in 1825. However, Balard, who published his results a year later, provided a much more detailed explanation of bromines properties. The first use of bromine actually predated both men by several millennia. To make their famous imperial dyes, the Phoenicians used murex mollusks, which contained bromine. (Like the names of the halogens, the word Phoenicians is derived from Greekin this case, a word meaning red or purple, which referred to their dyes.Today bromine is also used in dyes, and other modern uses include applications in pesticides, disinfectants, medicines, and flame retardants. At one time, a compound containing bromine was widely used by the petroleum industry as an additive for gasoline containing lead. Ethylene dibromide reacts with the lead released by gasoline to form lead bromide (PbBr 2 ), referred to as a scavenger, because it tends to clean the emissions of lead-containing gasoline. However, lead gasoline was phased out during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a result, demand for ethylene dibromide dropped considerably. Halogen LampsThe name halogen is probably familiar to most people because of the term halogen lamp. Used for automobile headlights, spotlights, and floodlights, the halogen lamp is much more effectiv e than ordinary incandescent light. Incandescent heat-producing light was first developed in the 1870s and improved during the early part of the twentieth century with the replacement of carbon by tungsten as the principal material in the filament, the area that is heated. Tungsten proved much more durable than carbon when heated, but it has a number of problems when combined with the gases in an incandescent bulb.As the light bulb continues to burn for a period of time, the tungsten filament begins to thin and will eventually break. At the same time, tungsten begins to accumulate on the surface of the bulb, dimming its light. However, by adding bromine and other halogens to the bulbs gas fillingthus making a halogen lampthese problems are alleviated. As tungsten evaporates from the filament, it combines with the halogen to form a gaseous compound that circulates within the bulb. Instead of depositing on the surface of the bulb, the compound remains a gas until it comes into contact with the filament and breaks down.It is then redeposited on the filament, and the halogen gas is free to combine with newly evaporated tungsten. Though a halogen bulb does eventually break down, it lasts much longer than an ordinary incandescent bulb and burns with a much brighter light. Also, because of the decreased tungsten deposits on the surface, it does not begin to dim as it nears the end of its life.Introduction First isolated in 1811 from ashes of seaweed, iodine has a name derived from the Greek word meaning violet-coloreda reference to the fact it forms dark purple crystals.During the 1800s, iodine was obtained commercially from mines in Chile, but during the twentieth century wells of brine in Japan, Oklahoma, and Michigan have proved a better source. Uses And Applications Among the best-known properties of iodine is its importance in the human diet. The thyroid gland gland produces a growth-regulating hormone that contains iodine, and lack of iodine can cause a goiter , a swelling around the neck. Table salt does not naturally contain iodine however, sodium chloride sold in stores usually contains about 0. 01% sodium iodide, added by the manufacturer.Iodine was once used in the development of photography During the early days of photographic technology, the daguerreotype process used silver plates sensibilize with iodine vapors. Iodine compounds are used today in chemical analysis and in synthesis of organic compounds.Introduction Just as fluorine has the distinction of being the most reactive, atomic number 85 is the rarest of all the elements. Long after its existence was predicted, chemists still had no luck finding it in nature, and it was only created in 1940 by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles (positively charged helium nuclei).The newly isolated element was given a Greek name meaning unstable. Indeed, none of astatines 20 known isotopes is stable, and the longest-lived has a half-life of only 8. 3 hours. This has only added to the difficulties involved in learning about this strange element, and therefore it is difficult to say what applications, if any, astatine may have. The most promising area involves the use of astatine to treat a condition known as hyperthyroidism, related to an overly active thyroid gland.

Martin Luther Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther EssayMartin Luther was born in 1483 in Germany. Although he was brought up in a catholic faith, he changed his faith by starting a new Christian movement that was against the teachings of Catholicism, which was consequently named as Lutheran. He taught as a pietism lecturer, hence a professional in theology and he was a preacher as surface. His parents Hans Luder mother Margarethe were catholic believers, therefore as briefly as he was born he got baptism on the following day which was St. Martin of Tours day of feast. He had brothers and sisters however, two of his brothers passed way as a result of a plague.Jacob who had tight bonds with Martin lived on to old age. Martins father rented copper mines and smelters and he also worked as a spokesperson in the local council. Besides he wanted the best for his son he aspired that Martin would be a jurisprudenceyer . Martin began his early school life history in 1497 at Mansfield, Magdeburg and Eisenach in that ord er where he learnt Latin. When he was seventeen years of age he was a student at the University of Erfurt and by the year 1505, he had completed his postgraduate studies and was awarded a know degree.Since his father wanted him to be a lawyer, he went ahead and registered for the law school however, he never pursued the course to completion since according to him law was ambiguous. Instead he preferred to study much on theology and philosophy and was fascinated by former philosophers like William of Ockham, Aristotle and Gabriel Biel. Nonetheless, he was more haggard to lecturers who taught on not laying trust on anyone including the philosophers unless the claims they state could be approved through familiarity.Because of this reason, Martin concluded that knowledge in philosophy could not abet mess get close to God because it merely emphasized on reasoning which is valid when applied to people and organizations but not God. According to Luther, people could only acknowledge w ho God is by understanding the volumes. From here, his quest for scripture understanding began. subsequently in 1505, Martin Luther abandoned his studies and joined the catholic monastery. Luthers life as a monk was constituted by refraining from food, pilgrimage, declaration of his sins before a priest for kindness and praying for lengthy periods.The life at the monastery wasnt slowly at all the monks spent less time in bed and they had to work hard in order to sustain community members. He confesses that his allegiance to the church as a monk was not delighting to God rather it made him aware of how sinful he was. Furthermore, the period within which he served as a monk gave a different perception of Jesus Christ in his life the Christian life at the monastery was like a cargo deck center that harassed innocent people, yet Jesus is a Savior and a comforter. Nevertheless, the monastery hardship transformed Luther as he found more time to know the Bible.Afterward, it was cont emplated by Johann von Staupitz that Luther required to do something else so that his quest for the scripture could be disrupted. Accordingly, after his priestly ordination, he proceeded as a theology lecturer of Wittenberg University. By 1509, Luther had received two degrees one in Biblical studies and the other in sentences. After three years, he graduated as a doctor in theology thereby becoming a member of the senate in the faculty of theology in the University of Wittenberg . The controversial issues regarding Catholicism began in 1517 when Martin Luther wrote the 95 theses.The theses focused on the indulgences that were interchange in the church. Since the pope wanted funds to put up the St. Peters church in Rome, pardoning of sins was granted on condition that the sinner paid money. In other instances, one could purchase pardon for sins that he or she expects to commit. This spurred concern in Martin Luther because as he had analyze in the scripture, deliverance is freely g iven whereas in Rome, salvation was an article of trade that could be traded between two partners- a sinner and the priest. Besides, more indulgences were sold so that those souls that were in purgatory could be released.Moreover, according to the roman print Catholic Theology it was believed that faith is not enough to justify a human being unless it is accompany by deeds, for instance participating in works of charity and giving the church financial contributions . Luther objected the issue of indulgences that were being sold consequently, he drafted a raze to the archbishops of Magdeburg and Mainz this note is what was later referred to as the 95 theses. A copy of the note he wrote to the archbishop was put on the door of Castle Church. According to Luther, the absolution and forgiveness of sins based on indulgences was incorrectly and deceptive.Within a short time the theses were converted to German, because they were written in Latin after which they were printed and reprod uced to make many copies. Accordingly, the reprinted theses were extensively distributed to various parts within Germany. Between 1510 and 1520, he spent his time in teaching the New Testament books including the Psalms. Even as he study the Holy Scriptures, he came to realize that justification was a very significant aspect in salvation. That God acknowledges a sinner and makes him righteous when he believes the scripture also God saves sinners because of grace.Luther proceeded to preach about justification, how it came from Gods only and faith as a present for humanity from God. The Roman papal ascendency took a period of three years to act in response to Luthers writings despite the fact that the theses had been distributed at a faster rate. The Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg whom the garner was addressed to preferred not to answer Luther, but rather identified heretical phrases then sent the letter to Rome. Pope king of beasts X overlook the letter believing that it was n ot a grievous issue to him Luther was only drunk and after sometime he would get back to his senses.However, the perception was wrong Countrys such as England, Italy and France were reading the theses by 1519. Furthermore, he wrote and published commentaries Psalms and Galatians, even though he had to work under protection. By 1520, he had published three books that are considered to be the most excellent among his works- On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, On the Freedom of A Christian and To the aristocracy of the German Nation. The Pope came to rethink of Luthers thesis in 1519 and ordered him to give details of his theses which he did in a synopsis.As a result, Luther was called to run across the Pope in Rome so that he could give a detailed justification to his writings. Nonetheless, Luther went to Rome but as it was arranged by Frederick the Wise, he met Cardinal Thomas Cajetan who was a legate to the pope Nevertheless, the pope went ahead and wrote to Luther in a wri ting termed as papal bull Exsurge Domine cautioning him to buy at the theses he had written as well as subsections within the books that he had written, in a period of sixty days failure of which would result in him getting suspended from the catholic community.Conversely, Luther burnt the papal bull and the other manuscripts, an action he later justified in his writings- Assertions Concerning All Articles as well as Why the Pope and His Recent Book Are Burned. Following this, Luther was suspended out of the Roman Catholic community in 1521 by the Pope. Later in April, 1521, Luther was presented before the Diet of Worms, a gathering of the Roman Empire authorities in Worms, Rhine. It was required of him to confirm if he was the author of the theses and the other books he had written, an issue he readily confirmed.However, in answering whether he supported the writings, he agreed after one day having discussed with friends and prayed. Accordingly, in May 1521, Luther was state a he retic and his writings were banned. In addition, no one was permitted to provide neither shelter nor food as this would amount to punishment. Luther by the help of the voter of Saxony, Fredrick III, stayed separate away from people in the Castle of Wartburg for about eleven months under the name Junker Jorg. It is during this period that he interpreted the New Testament, initially in Greek to German .When he went back to Wittenberg in March 1522, Luther continued to preach and many people were drawn to his sermons. He revised the church doctrines and assist in reinstating peace and unity within the nation. The new church doctrines were based on faith, grace and scripture alone. Instead of the seven sacraments that exist in the Roman Catholic, only two sacraments were recognized- baptism and the Holy Communion. Lutheranism did not advocate for celibacy, however, no one was forced to marry.The first Lutheran declaration of faith, otherwise referred to as the Augsburg Confession, was read before the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V in 1530. The reformed church decided to name the new church as Lutheran in honor of Luther. Luther hook up with Katharina who was initially a nun but defected. He passed away in 1546, in Eisleben after having been ill .Bibliography Collinson, P. (2004) The Reformation a history, ISBN 0679643230, 9780679643234, Modern Library. Doak, R. S. (2006) Pope Leo X Opponent of the Reformation, ISBN 0756515947, 9780756515942, Compass Point Books.Edwards, M. U. (March, 2000) Martin Luther Exploring His Life and Times, 1483-1546. The Christian Century, Vol. 117. Fairchild, M. (2009) Martin Luther Bibliography. Retrieved on 13th April, 2009, from http//christianity. about. com/od/lutherandenomination/a/martinlutherbio_2. htm Marius, R. (1999) Martin Luther the Christian between God and death, 3rd Edition, ISBN 0674550900, 9780674550902, Harvard University Press. The capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia (2007) Luther, Martin, Sixth Edition, 2007.

The system development life cycle framework Essay Example for Free

The system development life cycle framework EssayThe system development life cycle framework provides a date of activities for system designers and developers to follow. It consists of a set of steps or phrases which each phase of the SDLC uses the results of the previous one. Here atomic number 18 some historic phases that are essential for developers, Planning, Analysis, Design, and Implementation. These SDLCs are put into place and composed of clearly defined and distinct work phases. These are used by system engineers and system developers to plan for, design, build, test and pass information systems. The product Life Cycle, is the bear on for building information systems in a very deliberate, structured and methodical way, originally developed for large outperform involvemental business systems to figure out the life cycle of a program or programs.Here are the following SDLC guidelines that are used,Preliminary synopsis The objective of phase 1 is to conduct a prelim inary analysis, propose alternative solutions, describe costs and benefits and submit a preliminary plan with recommendations. lead the preliminary analysis in this step, you need to find out the organizations objectives and the nature and scope of the problem under study. Even if a problem refers only to a small segment of the organization itself then you need to find out what the objectives of the organization itself are. Then you need to see how the problem being studied fits in with them.Propose alternative solutions In digging into the organizations objectives and specific problems, you may have already covered some solutions. Alternate proposals may come from interviewing employees, clients, suppliers, and/or consultants. You batch also study what competitors are doing. With this data, you will have three choices leave the system as is, improve it, or develop a new system. specify the costs and benefits. Systems analysis, requirements definition Defines project goals into d efined functions and operation of the intended application. Analyzes end-user information needs. Systems design Describes desired features and operations in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudocode and former(a) documentation. Development The real code is written here.Integration and testing Brings all the pieces together into a special testing environment, then checks for errors, bugs and interoperability. Acceptance, installation, deployment The final stage of sign development, where the software is put into production and runs actual business. Maintenance During the maintenance stage of the SDLC, the system is assessed to ensure it does not become obsolete. This is also where changes are made to sign software. It involves continuous evaluation of the system in terms of its performance. Evaluation Some companies do not view this as an official stage of the SDLC, but is it an important part of the life cycle. Evaluation step is an extension o f the Maintenance stage, and may be referred to in some circles as Post-implementation Review. This is where the system that was developed, as well as the entire process, is evaluated. Some of the questions that need to be answered include does the newly implemented system meet the initial business requirements and objectives?Is the system reliable and fault-tolerant? Does the system function according to the approved functional requirements? In addition to evaluating the software that was released, it is important to assess the effectiveness of the development process. If there are any aspects of the entire process, or certain stages, that management is not satisfied with, this is the time to improve. Evaluation and assessment is a difficult issue. However, the company must reflect on the process and compensate weaknesses. Disposal In this phase, plans are developed for discarding system information, hardware and software in making the transition to a new system.The purpose here i s to properly move, archive, discard or destroy information, hardware and software that is being replaced, in a manner that prevents any possibility of unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data. The governance activities ensure proper migration to a new system. Particular emphasis is given to proper preservation and archival of data processed by the previous system. only of this should be done in accordance with the organizations security requirements. All of the above is necessary for proper end user design of software. If we did not have this process then systems would become obsolete and in efficient.http//csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistbul/april2009_system-development-life-cycle.pdf

Juvenile Delinquency And Gangs Criminology Essay

Juvenile Delinquency And Gangs Criminology EssayA juvenile group is an anti- affectionate or any criminal act that is b are among children or adolescents. Juvenile guilt is a legal term referring to how the children and adolescents behave and is viewed by the adults as a crime that needs to be judged under law (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2010). Its meaning and age define differs in different countries, with some setting the juveniles maximum age limit to be fourteen years while others may be as high as twenty one years. In many countries, those people that twilight mingled with the ages of sixteen to twenty years be considered as adults, and it is within this age group that the high crime incidence rate is evident. somewhat major(ip) factors that are attributed to development of worse ports are psychological, social and economic factors. Juvenile crime and delinquency are serious worrys in the whole world. Extend of effectuate depends mostly on the social, economic and cultura l conditions in every country. Due to difficult times in economy of a country evident by less trade and unemployment, there has been an increase in juvenile criminality. Poor socio-economic environment that is shaped by poverty and destitution have contributed to poor social background involving violence (Gordon, 2006). The desirelihood of becoming a victim of violence is much higher for gang members than it is for members of other peer groups (Gordon, 2006). Most of the criminal cases that are evident among the adults are usually based on their bad deportments when they were young. A criminal offense that is frequently committed by the children is theft and other bad behaviors like rape and much serious property destruction is usually evident at later age. in that respect are differential offending patterns among the nonage (black) and the white y extincths. According to Charish, Sebastian Kelly (2004), the minority youths were much more likely to have prior and chronic histo ries for delinquency. The Africa American youths were arrested with serious violent crimes than the whites, the report also concluded. The oddity have led high incidence of gay and lesbian youths to attempt suicide and involvement in juvenile delinquencies that can eventually lead to egotism destruction.Religion is believed to exist to give people a false hope for the future and to keep people motivated during the present. According to Jensen and Rojek (2003), they stated that social inn could be maintained only if people had common beliefs in something great than themselves. In addition, faith has made people to be less involved in criminal and fully engage in their social roles and ignoring oppressions of their economic systems. One of the ways through which religion can improve societys ethical well creation is through reducing crime rates. However, this statement will only be justifiable if analysts truly prove that there is significant relationship between religion and cr ime.The disorganization in families that can lead to emotional maladjustments plays an important role in arising of many delinquents (Gordon, 2006). In many cities adolescents usually forms a gang in which many young people are involved by acquiring these bad behaviors. After the development of juvenile court, there was an effective judgment among the immature offenders and the adults. These systems have been campaigning for informal procedure and corrections, a duty that is assigned to psychiatric clinicians, quite an than punishment. In early nineteenth century, the juvenile correction centers prune been separated from prisons. Even though these centers are non adequate, they have immensely participated in the development of rehabilitation programs, provision of vocational training and psychiatric treatment. The cry systems, foster homes, child guidance clinics and public juvenile protective agencies have played a great role in correction of delinquent and disturbed children (Gordon, 2006).Multicultural Issues and Ethnical ImplicationsRace or EthnicityVarious multicultural issues have become of major concern in many of the juvenile delinquencies. Race or ethnicity has proven to be of hindrance to equal justice for all in western countries especially in America. A report showing that the turn of intent minority youth was gradually increasing even when the number of their arrests declined clearly proves that there was no fairness in the juvenile courts, (Charish, Sebastian Kelly, 2004). The inappropriate representation of the minority youth is attributed to greater involvement of the minority youth in crime and also unequal treatment of minority youth in juvenile courts. There is an evidential great difference in the offending pattern basing on the racial and ethnic groups. The American government perceived the fact that the high number of black youths in the juvenile courts revealed their greater involvement in criminal activities. The greater involvem ent of the minority youth in crimes than the whites is largely contributed to their social stance in the surrounding environment.There is a high degree of injustices that are evident in the authority systems. The research have shown that race and gender effects are of great significance for juveniles of which those from rich white families receives government assistance while the poor blacks faces harsher juvenile justice decisions, (Charish, Sebastian Kelly, 2004). The African American juvenile delinquents were more likely than the white youths to be detained, have their petitions filed and were less likely to be placed on probation at fist in defend. The gender effects were also evident in the juvenile system process. It was shown that the fe priapics had low chances of being detained, have their petitions filed, transferred to adult courts, high chances of having their petitions filed and were more likely to be placed in imprisonment if they were adjudicated by the juvenile c ourts.According to Charish, Sebastian Kelly (2004), in the American rude cities, the African American youth had greater chances of having their cases being dismissed than among the whites. The Hispanic youths had low chances to have petitions filed on their cases compared to the whites. However, if they were adjudicated they would be more preferably placed in custody than the white youths. African American and Hispanic juvenile delinquents caught with the first offence received greater preference to have their cases dismissed than the whites with their first criminal judges. Those Hispanic youths that were first time criminal offenders and had been adjudicated had high degree to be placed in custody than the whites with same offence.HomosexualityViolence against gay males and lesbians, of which many of them are young people, has emerged as a significant social problem (Gordon, 2006). Juvenile delinquency holds negative, ambivalent and defensiveness towards homosexuals. Homosexuali ty is perceived to be a very common moral behavior and it has been known to exist in about fifty percent of the male population. The problems of sexual abuse experienced by these people have led them to engage in violent acts in society. Some other young children runs out of their families to the streets when they are discovered as lesbians or gays and thus ending up as street robbers or gets involved in other criminal acts. Some males involved in homosexuality may go against the society bearing hatred in their hearts and these may lead to development of delinquency with the likelihood of these young people joining youth gang and be incarcerated during their adolescent age (Action Committee against Violence, 2003).It has been evident that most of the male rapes in our society take place in prison (Gordon, 2006). The existences of homophobia among the homosexuals have resulted in many problems, including high rates of suicidal behavior. A conclusion is based on the fact that, when a society imposes a sense of self-hatred to minority group, they are forced to adapt high rates of suicide, substance abuse, violence and creation of individuals characterized with difficulties in having spang relationships. Homosexuals are not criminals and incarceration is not the best way to solve the problems brought by homosexuality. They should be pursued to change through the psychiatric treatment rather than imprisonment. The homosexuals are known to suffer from torture, ill-treatment and violence at the hands of fellow inmates and also prison officials (Gordon, 2006).ReligionThe power and influence of religion on delinquency is much more perplexing than the media or acts of community (Jensen Rojek 2003). Religion being such a controversial, sensitive issue and being viewed from different levels has turn out to be difficult to understand its impacts on juvenile delinquency. But in other hand, religion is known to play an important role in influencing the behavior of people, sets values for society and correlates with delinquencies in several ways. Crime and religion have for years going through different studies that seek to explore their relationship. Religion is utter to bring social order in society since people would have a common belief on something greater than themselves. Religious involvement throughout adolescents significantly lessens the risk of later adult criminality. In addition religion leads to development of empathy within the youths and this helps to prevent high risk of urban youths from delinquent behavior (Jensen Rojek 2003). Despite all these, it is evident that there are negative values associated with religion and crime. Religious groups have participated in violent acts in the name of their phantasmal causes. Religious crimes such as the bombing of abortion clinics and the trashing of adult bookstores were all done in regard of strong faith, (Jensen Rojek 2003). Difference in religious backgrounds between the parent and th e child can lead to argumentative issues that increase the risk of delinquencies.SocioeconomicsOne of the most common factors that contribute to the occurrence of delinquent behaviors among the juveniles is poverty (Jensen Rojek 2003). Those children that are brought up in poor families are likely to face more economic strain and in trying to obtain their daily needs. The juveniles in jurisdiction who are wealthier are treated less severely by juvenile justice decision makers compared to the poor juveniles. According to Gordon (2006), the studies that were carried out showed that juvenile punishment not only responds to crime, but also to specific community conditions. The development of numerous programs that are meant to lower delinquency rates have led to economic conk out since most of them are established of which many do not function effectively. The more efficient programs are those established before occurrence of delinquent behaviors and aims at preventing that behavior. This means that the childrens behavior at early age is detected and any precaution can be taken.More severe antisocial outcomes are colligate to early adoption of eloquent behaviors. Children with low intelligent capacity who have poor performance in school face physical abuse from the parents which in turn leads to delinquent outcomes (Alina, 2009). Besides the socioeconomic status, the effects of child rearing practices play a great role in determining the childs behavior. Those children that are raised by distressed and unsupportive families had higher possibility of developing delinquent behaviors than those from supportive families. The difference in the social status between the urban and rural areas youth have resulted to varied crime rates. Crime rates in urban are higher than in rural because of the occurrence of slums, overcrowded settlements and lack of staple fibre services. Delinquency rates are high in the more economically and technologically advanced countries (A lina, 2009).ConclusionJuvenile delinquency is a serious problem all over the world that not only affects the victim of the crime but also juvenile delinquents family, their future and society at large. Juvenile delinquency covers a wide range of violations of legal and social norms ranging from smaller to severe crimes committed by minors. Young people living in harsh situations like poverty, dysfunctional families, substance abuse and death of family members are at a risk of becoming delinquent. The occurrence of juvenile delinquency is roundly attributed to both biologic and social effects. The Childs behavior is based on existence of more abstract context of socialization. The major prominent forces that are sources of delinquency are the media, community and religion. The minority youth group are highly involved in crime and receives harsher juvenile justice system treatment than white youths. Racial disparity exists in the absence of differential treatment. More studies have s hown occurrence of discrepancies in law enforcements treatment of minority group. In order to get rid of delinquent children in the society, the community should actively involve themselves in providing essential services for the well being of their children.

Analysis Of The Efficient Market Hypothesis

Analysis Of The Efficient Market HypothesisThe Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), one of the most adult conjectures in finance, emerged in the 1950s due to early application of computers in analysis of time-series behavior of economic variables. A vast body of research literary productions on this problem has been produced since the first studies attributed to Kend on the whole (1953). The first articles dealing with grocery efficiency generally were supportive of the idea that securities are priced rationally and stock prices reflect all available at the moment training. However, with the development of advanced econometric techniques and powerful computers a new breed of literature emerged researchers started to produce attest debunking the EMH. Nevertheless, disdain significant success in fuck offing anomalies which clash with the EMH this great idea has remained to be a hypothesis since neither supporters nor opponents could produce reliable enough evidence to finally sto mach or reject it. This essay elaborates on the dubiety of validity of the EMH and shows that there is no simple answer which could end the debate rough foodstuff efficiency.There are three forms of the EMH that are usually tested by researchers weak form, semi- heavy form and strong form. The main difference between them is contained in the information which can be apply to predict future price movements of the stock. The weak form of market efficiency states that past prices do not bind any influence on the current prices. In other words, it is impossible to use past price information to predict future prices since all this information is already reflected in the prices. The semi-strong form of market efficiency takes into account, besides past information ab break prices, publicly available information, i.e. financial reports, public announcements etc. And finally, the strong-form of market efficiency states that all available information, including that of insiders, is refl ected in prices and, therefore, cannot be efficacious in price forecasting. Thus, usually researchers specify which pillowcase of market efficiency they test as the methods utilize are different. Fama (1991) presents a slightly different categorization of tests of market efficiency tests for return predictability, eccentric studies and tests for private information. However, all these tests have one project to nonplus out if that is possible to develop profitable strategies based on the different kind of information which could produce significant ab typical returns. If the answer to this question is yes then opponents of the EMH obtain additional advantage in the debate about the EMH. On the other hand, the results testifying to validity of the EMH are generally regarded as common and do not get significant public attention.Before proceeding to critical evaluation of the particular anomalies which are supposed to refute the EMH it can be useful to consider general shortcomin gs of the tests employed in these procedures. First of all, all tests of market efficiency are based on a particular model which is used to predict normal returns. This leads to the joint-hypothesis problem, i.e. it is impossible to determine whether the obtained results are due to real market inefficiency or just reflect poorly specified model for normal returns. Second, the data-mining problem is especially pronounced in the tests of market efficiency. In other words, for every reported profitable strategy there can be piles of unprofitable strategies which were not reported due to the fact that they did not produce any sensational result. And finally, all theoretical findings should be tested practically in order to determine the real in exercise which can be generated on the basis of theoretical strategies. Otherwise, unconstipated very profitable strategy can be an artifact due to factors that remained unaccounted during the research.The strong form of market efficiency has become the weakest form in terms of the number of its supporters. It is generally believed that insiders can use their information to authorize significant profits from transaction. Jaffe (1974) finds that insiders have information that is not reflected in the stock prices. Moreover, he documents that outsiders can profit from the publicly available information on insiders trading up to 8 months after this information was released to the general public. However, Seyhun (1986), while confirming that insiders can use inside information to make significant profits, does not confirm that outsiders can earn significant abnormal returns using publicly available information on insiders trading. He argues that Jaffe used misspecified model for normal returns. Another type of studies of the strong form of market efficiency tests whether professional portfolio managers have access to private information. First evidence (Jensen 1969) testifies to the strong form of market efficiency and sugg ests that managers do not have access to private information as returns to investors in funds in 1945-1964 turn out to be 1% below the market line. On the other hand, Ippolito (1989) states that during 1965-1984 mutual funds outperformed the market line by 0.83% on average every year. This evidence, however, is not confirmed by the tests of the performance of tribute funds and endowment funds. More recent evidence (Malkiel 2003) shows that for the twenty years ending December 31, 2001, the average actively managed large capitalization mutual fund performed worse than Standard Poors 500 large cap index by 2% annually. Therefore, it is not clear whether the EMH hypothesis can be refuted with respect to the strong form of market efficiency as various tests demonstrate different answers to this question.Tests of the semi-strong form of market efficiency are accomplished by means of event studies. This type of studies gives the cleanest picture of market efficiency since if the event date can be clearly specified and new information has a significant notion on prices, the models of normal returns do not influence the result to the extent observed in other forms of market efficiency studies. The opponents of the EMH believe that stock prices may underreact to new events. Therefore, purchasing (selling) stock when good (bad) information arrives at the market may produce significant abnormal returns (Gregory 1997). For instance, it is widely documented that companies accomplishing an IPO come across short-term overshooting and semipermanent negative performance. Another example is negative performance of bidding companies and positive performance of target companies during the process of mergers and acquisitions. These patterns, arguably, can be used to generate abnormal returns. However, as Fama (1998) demonstrates, the apparent underreaction to events is as common as overreaction and post-event continuation of abnormal returns is as frequent as post-event reve rsals. He also shows that the methods, long-term anomalies measured, play an important role since latter tend to disappear if reasonable changes are introduced in the test. Therefore, most of the anomalies discovered by researchers can be attributed to chance. It turns out that these anomalies do not let investors to earn significant abnormal returns.The studies of the weak form of market efficiency generally test the Random Walk (RW) hypothesis. gibe to this hypothesis, stock prices exhibit unpredictable behavior and the best estimate of tomorrows price is todays price of the stock. Early studies in this area showed that prices indeed followed the RW and even if it were possible to find some predictability in price paths it would not be possible to exploit it in order to earn abnormal returns. Discovered patterns explained just up to 2% of the total variation of returns not enough taking into account bid-ask spreads. More recent studies started to use other variables (dividends, earnings per share, term-structure variables) to explain variation in returns. However, even these studies obtained positive first-order autocorrelations of weekly returns at the level of 0.3 (Lo and MacKinlay 1988). Apparently, such low predictability power could not be used to make significant profits. Nevertheless, further research guide to revelation of a number of anomalies. For instance, so-called January belief referred to the situation of abnormally generous returns on stocks of small companies during the first few days of January. Unfortunately, when transaction be were taken into account (which are substantially higher for small companies than for large corporations) it turned out that this effect could not be exploitable by ordinary investors. Moreover, the January effect was not pronounced every year. A number of other effects were discovered during the course of research. They, however, also were non-dependable and disappeared when transaction costs were accounted f or.Overall, it turns out that the idea of the EMH is quiet alive in spite of numerous facts that could refute it. The absence of the reliable theoretical model which could explain variation in normal returns does not allow one to be sure about discovered anomalies. Moreover, even anomalies which are strongly pronounced disappear as more and more market participants find out about them. This fact testifies to validity of the EMH. This means that even when information is not reflected in prices at the particular moment, as time passes arbitrageurs use the chance to earn risk-free profits and gradually correct market. This correction may take a long time (as, for instance, the Internet-bubble of the 2000s) but eventually all prices come to their fair level.